arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.13145 (2020). Robertas Damasevicius. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.11597 (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has been having a severe and catastrophic effect on humankind and is being considered the most crucial health calamity of the century. Artif. The lowest accuracy was obtained by HGSO in both measures. Using X-ray images we can train a machine learning classifier to detect COVID-19 using Keras and TensorFlow. The variants of concern are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and than the COVID-19 images. <span> <h5>Background</h5> <p>The COVID19 pandemic has precipitated global apprehensions about increased fatalities and raised concerns about gaps in healthcare . However, the proposed FO-MPA approach has an advantage in performance compared to other works. Harikumar, R. & Vinoth Kumar, B. They applied the SVM classifier with and without RDFS. The evaluation showed that the RDFS improved SVM robustness against reconstruction kernel and slice thickness. All authors discussed the results and wrote the manuscript together. Currently, we witness the severe spread of the pandemic of the new Corona virus, COVID-19, which causes dangerous symptoms to humans and animals, its complications may lead to death. They showed that analyzing image features resulted in more information that improved medical imaging. This dataset consists of 219 COVID-19 positive images and 1341 negative COVID-19 images. & Zhu, Y. Kernel feature selection to fuse multi-spectral mri images for brain tumor segmentation. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. COVID-19 image classification using deep features and fractional-order marine predators algorithm. To survey the hypothesis accuracy of the models. (8) can be remodeled as below: where \(D^1[x(t)]\) represents the difference between the two followed events. \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} U_i(t+1)-U_i(t)=P.R\bigotimes S_i \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} D ^{\delta } \left[ U_{i}(t+1)\right] =P.R\bigotimes S_i \end{aligned}$$, $$D^{\delta } \left[ {U_{i} (t + 1)} \right] = U_{i} (t + 1) + \sum\limits_{{k = 1}}^{m} {\frac{{( - 1)^{k} \Gamma (\delta + 1)U_{i} (t + 1 - k)}}{{\Gamma (k + 1)\Gamma (\delta - k + 1)}}} = P \cdot R \otimes S_{i} .$$, $$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} U(t+1)_{i}= - \sum _{k=1}^{m} \frac{(-1)^k\Gamma (\delta +1)U_{i}(t+1-k)}{\Gamma (k+1)\Gamma (\delta -k+1)} + P.R\bigotimes S_i. Eng. Initialize solutions for the prey and predator. We build the first Classification model using VGG16 Transfer leaning framework and second model using Deep Learning Technique Convolutional Neural Network CNN to classify and diagnose the disease and we able to achieve the best accuracy in both the model. In this paper, after applying Chi-square, the feature vector is minimized for both datasets from 51200 to 2000. This stage can be mathematically implemented as below: In Eq. 7, most works are pre-prints for two main reasons; COVID-19 is the most recent and trend topic; also, there are no sufficient datasets that can be used for reliable results. Although the performance of the MPA and bGWO was slightly similar, the performance of SGA and WOA were the worst in both max and min measures. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a two-path semi- supervised deep learning model, ssResNet, based on Residual Neural Network (ResNet) for COVID-19 image classification, where two paths refer to a supervised path and an unsupervised path, respectively. Chollet, F. Keras, a python deep learning library. \delta U_{i}(t)+ \frac{1}{2! An image segmentation approach based on fuzzy c-means and dynamic particle swarm optimization algorithm. layers is to extract features from input images. 35, 1831 (2017). As a result, the obtained outcomes outperformed previous works in terms of the models general performance measure. In this paper, we try to integrate deep transfer-learning-based methods, along with a convolutional block attention module (CBAM), to focus on the relevant portion of the feature maps to conduct an image-based classification of human monkeypox disease. Image segmentation is a necessary image processing task that applied to discriminate region of interests (ROIs) from the area of outsides. & Mahmoud, N. Feature selection based on hybrid optimization for magnetic resonance imaging brain tumor classification and segmentation. Automated detection of alzheimers disease using brain mri imagesa study with various feature extraction techniques. is applied before larger sized kernels are applied to reduce the dimension of the channels, which accordingly, reduces the computation cost. Memory FC prospective concept (left) and weibull distribution (right). Machine learning (ML) methods can play vital roles in identifying COVID-19 patients by visually analyzing their chest x-ray images. 2 (right). Marine memory: This is the main feature of the marine predators and it helps in catching the optimal solution very fast and avoid local solutions. Stage 1: After the initialization, the exploration phase is implemented to discover the search space. J. Harikumar et al.18 proposed an FS method based on wavelets to classify normality or abnormality of different types of medical images, such as CT, MRI, ultrasound, and mammographic images. With the help of numerous algorithms in AI, modern COVID-19 cases can be detected and managed in a classified framework. Our method is able to classify pneumonia from COVID-19 and visualize an abnormal area at the same time. Both the model uses Lungs CT Scan images to classify the covid-19. Syst. The code of the proposed approach is also available via the following link [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-oK-eeEgdCMCnykH364IkAK3opmqa9Rvasx/view?usp=sharing]. While the second half of the agents perform the following equations. The proposed CNN architecture for Task 2 consists of 14 weighted layers, in which there are three convolutional layers and one fully connected layer, as shown in Fig. Sci. Johnson, D.S., Johnson, D. L.L., Elavarasan, P. & Karunanithi, A. where \(ni_{j}\) is the importance of node j, while \(w_{j}\) refers to the weighted number of samples reaches the node j, also \(C_{j}\) determines the impurity value of node j. left(j) and right(j) are the child nodes from the left split and the right split on node j, respectively. 79, 18839 (2020). So, based on this motivation, we apply MPA as a feature selector from deep features that produced from CNN (largely redundant), which, accordingly minimize capacity and resources consumption and can improve the classification of COVID-19 X-ray images. One of the main disadvantages of our approach is that its built basically within two different environments. . Finally, the sum of the features importance value on each tree is calculated then divided by the total number of trees as in Eq. arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.05225 (2017). Therefore, several pre-trained models have won many international image classification competitions such as VGGNet24, Resnet25, Nasnet26, Mobilenet27, Inception28 and Xception29. org (2015). Sohail, A. S.M., Bhattacharya, P., Mudur, S.P. & Krishnamurthy, S. Classification of ultrasound medical images using distance based feature selection and fuzzy-svm. To obtain COVID-19 is the most transmissible disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that severely infects the lungs and the upper respiratory tract of the human body.This virus badly affected the lives and wellness of millions of people worldwide and spread widely. Deep residual learning for image recognition. The proposed segmentation method is capable of dealing with the problem of diffuse lung borders in CXR images of patients with COVID-19 severe or critical. (24). Cohen, J.P., Morrison, P. & Dao, L. Covid-19 image data collection. Dhanachandra, N. & Chanu, Y. J. & Carlsson, S. Cnn features off-the-shelf: an astounding baseline for recognition. In Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 176183 (Springer, 2011). In this paper, a new ML-method proposed to classify the chest x-ray images into two classes, COVID-19 patient or non-COVID-19 person. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is an infectious disease that attacks the respiratory area caused by the severe acute . As seen in Fig. & Pouladian, M. Feature selection for contour-based tuberculosis detection from chest x-ray images. Software available from tensorflow. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition12511258 (2017). Recombinant: A process in which the genomes of two SARS-CoV-2 variants (that have infected a person at the same time) combine during the viral replication process to form a new variant that is different . The dataset consists of 21,165 chest X-ray (CXR) COVID-19 images distributed on four categories which are COVID19, lung opacity, viral pneumonia, and NORMAL (Non-COVID). Nature 503, 535538 (2013). Table3 shows the numerical results of the feature selection phase for both datasets. As seen in Table1, we keep the last concatenation layer which contains the extracted features, so we removed the top layers such as the Flatten, Drop out and the Dense layers which the later performs classification (named as FC layer). all above stages are repeated until the termination criteria is satisfied. Deep cnns for microscopic image classification by exploiting transfer learning and feature concatenation. Currently, a new coronavirus, called COVID-19, has spread to many countries, with over two million infected people or so-called confirmed cases. A.T.S. et al. Whereas, the slowest and the insufficient convergences were reported by both SGA and WOA in Dataset 1 and by SGA in Dataset 2. In my thesis project, I developed an image classification model to detect COVID-19 on chest X-ray medical data using deep learning models such . FP (false positives) are the positive COVID-19 images that were incorrectly labeled as negative COVID-19, while FN (false negatives) are the negative COVID-19 images that were mislabeled as positive COVID-19 images. HGSO was ranked second with 146 and 87 selected features from Dataset 1 and Dataset 2, respectively. All data used in this paper is available online in the repository, [https://github.com/ieee8023/covid-chestxray-dataset], [https://stanfordmlgroup.github.io/projects/chexnet], [https://www.kaggle.com/paultimothymooney/chest-xray-pneumonia] and [https://www.sirm.org/en/category/articles/covid-19-database/]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71294-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71294-2. PubMed Central Experimental results have shown that the proposed Fuzzy Gabor-CNN algorithm attains highest accuracy, Precision, Recall and F1-score when compared to existing feature extraction and classification techniques. Eng. Imaging 29, 106119 (2009). 51, 810820 (2011). (15) can be reformulated to meet the special case of GL definition of Eq. Accordingly, the FC is an efficient tool for enhancing the performance of the meta-heuristic algorithms by considering the memory perspective during updating the solutions. Syst. The Shearlet transform FS method showed better performances compared to several FS methods. Authors Continuing on my commitment to share small but interesting things in Google Cloud, this time I created a model for a Appl. The accuracy measure is used in the classification phase. EMRes-50 model . Internet Explorer). Math. 69, 4661 (2014). They concluded that the hybrid method outperformed original fuzzy c-means, and it had less sensitive to noises. In our experiment, we randomly split the data into 70%, 10%, and 20% for training, validation, and testing sets, respectively. The optimum path forest (OPF) classifier was applied to classify pulmonary nodules based on CT images. In Smart Intelligent Computing and Applications, 305313 (Springer, 2019). In addition, the good results achieved by the FO-MPA against other algorithms can be seen as an advantage of FO-MPA, where a balancing between exploration and exploitation stages and escaping from local optima were achieved. How- individual class performance. Rajpurkar, P. etal. Google Scholar. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Figure6 shows a comparison between our FO-MPA approach and other CNN architectures. Aiming at the problems of poor attention to existing translation models, the insufficient ability of key transfer and generation, insufficient quality of generated images, and lack of detailed features, this paper conducts research on lung medical image translation and lung image classification based on . where \(REfi_{i}\) represents the importance of feature i that were calculated from all trees, where \(normfi_{ij}\) is the normalized feature importance for feature i in tree j, also T is the total number of trees. Evaluation outcomes showed that GA based FS methods outperformed traditional approaches, such as filter based FS and traditional wrapper methods. This paper reviews the recent progress of deep learning in COVID-19 images applications from five aspects; Firstly, 33 COVID-19 datasets and data enhancement methods are introduced; Secondly, COVID-19 classification methods . In this subsection, a comparison with relevant works is discussed. Mirjalili, S., Mirjalili, S. M. & Lewis, A. Grey wolf optimizer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Adv. In Eq. kharrat and Mahmoud32proposed an FS method based on a hybrid of Simulated Annealing (SA) and GA to classify brain tumors using MRI. Howard, A.G. etal. The largest features were selected by SMA and SGA, respectively. Also, WOA algorithm showed good results in all measures, unlike dataset 1, which can conclude that no algorithm can solve all kinds of problems. The proposed COVID-19 X-ray classification approach starts by applying a CNN (especially, a powerful architecture called Inception which pre-trained on Imagnet dataset) to extract the discriminant features from raw images (with no pre-processing or segmentation) from the dataset that contains positive and negative COVID-19 images. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Finally, the predator follows the levy flight distribution to exploit its prey location. Moreover, from Table4, it can be seen that the proposed FO-MPA provides better results in terms of F-Score, as it has the highest value in datatset1 and datatset2 which are 0.9821 and 0.99079, respectively. In this work, the MPA is enhanced by fractional calculus memory feature, as a result, Fractional-order Marine Predators Algorithm (FO-MPA) is introduced. All classication models ever, the virus mutates, and new variants emerge and dis- performed better in classifying the Non-COVID-19 images appear. Eng. Both datasets shared some characteristics regarding the collecting sources. The test accuracy obtained for the model was 98%. Huang, P. et al. Then, applying the FO-MPA to select the relevant features from the images. Abbas, A., Abdelsamea, M.M. & Gaber, M.M. Classification of covid-19 in chest x-ray images using detrac deep convolutional neural network. Med. Vis. }, \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} D^{\delta }[U(t)]=\frac{1}{T^\delta }\sum _{k=0}^{m} \frac{(-1)^k\Gamma (\delta +1)U(t-kT)}{\Gamma (k+1)\Gamma (\delta -k+1)} \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} D^1[U(t)]=U(t+1)-U(t) \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} U=Lower+rand_1\times (Upper - Lower ) \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} Elite=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc} U_{11}^1&{}U_{12}^1&{}\ldots &{}U_{1d}^1\\ U_{21}^1&{}U_{22}^1&{}\ldots &{}U_{2d}^1\\ \ldots &{}\ldots &{}\ldots &{}\ldots \\ U_{n1}^1&{}U_{n2}^1&{}\ldots &{}U_{nd}^1\\ \end{array}\right] , \, U=\left[ \begin{array}{cccc} U_{11}&{}U_{12}&{}\ldots &{}U_{1d}\\ U_{21}&{}U_{22}&{}\ldots &{}U_{2d}\\ \ldots &{}\ldots &{}\ldots &{}\ldots \\ U_{n1}&{}U_{n2}&{}\ldots &{}U_{nd}\\ \end{array}\right] , \, \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} S_i&= {} R_B \bigotimes (Elite_i-R_B\bigotimes U_i), i=1,2,\ldots ,n \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} U_i&= {} U_i+P.R\bigotimes S_i \end{aligned}$$, \(\frac{1}{3}t_{max}< t< \frac{2}{3}t_{max}\), $$\begin{aligned} S_i&= {} R_L \bigotimes (Elite_i-R_L\bigotimes U_i), i=1,2,\ldots ,n/2 \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} S_i&= {} R_B \bigotimes (R_B \bigotimes Elite_i- U_i), i=1,2,\ldots ,n/2 \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} U_i&= {} Elite_i+P.CF\bigotimes S_i,\, CF= \left( 1-\frac{t}{t_{max}} \right) ^{\left(2\frac{t}{t_{max}}\right) } \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} S_i&= {} R_L \bigotimes (R_L \bigotimes Elite_i- U_i), i=1,2,\ldots ,n \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} U_i&= {} Elite_i+P.CF\bigotimes S_i,\, CF= \left( 1-\frac{t}{t_{max}}\right) ^{\left(2\frac{t}{t_{max}} \right) } \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} U_i=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} U_i+CF [U_{min}+R \bigotimes (U_{max}-U_{min})]\bigotimes W &{} r_5 < FAD \\ U_i+[FAD(1-r)+r](U_{r1}-U_{r2}) &{} r_5 > FAD\\ \end{array}\right. where \(R\in [0,1]\) is a random vector drawn from a uniform distribution and \(P=0.5\) is a constant number. The model was developed using Keras library47 with Tensorflow backend48. Mirjalili, S. & Lewis, A. Yousri, D. & Mirjalili, S. Fractional-order cuckoo search algorithm for parameter identification of the fractional-order chaotic, chaotic with noise and hyper-chaotic financial systems. J. Clin. On January 20, 2023, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida announced that the country would be downgrading the COVID-19 classification. The evaluation outcomes demonstrate that ABC enhanced precision, and also it reduced the size of the features. Article arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.13815 (2020). Med. Mobilenets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. The proposed IMF approach successfully achieves two important targets, selecting small feature numbers with high accuracy. A. Ozturk et al. Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fdifferential Equations, to Methods of their Solution and Some of Their Applications Vol. Access through your institution. 6, right), our approach still provides an overall accuracy of 99.68%, putting it first with a slight advantage over MobileNet (99.67 %). Li et al.34 proposed a self-adaptive bat algorithm (BA) to address two problems in lung X-ray images, rebalancing, and feature selection. Google Scholar. COVID-19 tests are currently hard to come by there are simply not enough of them and they cannot be manufactured fast enough, which is causing panic. In this paper, we used TPUs for powerful computation, which is more appropriate for CNN. Med. Comput. Heidari, A. Bisong, E. Building Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models on Google Cloud Platform (Springer, Berlin, 2019). COVID-19 image classification using deep learning: Advances, challenges and opportunities COVID-19 image classification using deep learning: Advances, challenges and opportunities Comput Biol Med. Google Research, https://research.googleblog.com/2017/11/automl-for-large-scaleimage.html, Blog (2017). Detecting COVID-19 at an early stage is essential to reduce the mortality risk of the patients. From Fig. 1. Medical imaging techniques are very important for diagnosing diseases. PubMed IRBM https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irbm.2019.10.006 (2019). Technol. In the current work, the values of k, and \(\zeta\) are set to 2, and 2, respectively. The combination of Conv. Dhanachandra and Chanu35 proposed a hybrid method of dynamic PSO and fuzzy c-means to segment two types of medical images, MRI and synthetic images. (9) as follows. IEEE Signal Process. Therefore, a feature selection technique can be applied to perform this task by removing those irrelevant features. Accordingly, the prey position is upgraded based the following equations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. These images have been further used for the classification of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 images using ResNet50 and AlexNet convolutional neural network (CNN) models. For general case based on the FC definition, the Eq. Sci Rep 10, 15364 (2020). Arijit Dey, Soham Chattopadhyay, Ram Sarkar, Dandi Yang, Cristhian Martinez, Jesus Carretero, Jess Alejandro Alzate-Grisales, Alejandro Mora-Rubio, Reinel Tabares-Soto, Lo Dumortier, Florent Gupin, Thomas Grenier, Linda Wang, Zhong Qiu Lin & Alexander Wong, Afnan Al-ali, Omar Elharrouss, Somaya Al-Maaddeed, Robbie Sadre, Baskaran Sundaram, Daniela Ushizima, Zahid Ullah, Muhammad Usman, Jeonghwan Gwak, Scientific Reports Average of the consuming time and the number of selected features in both datasets. (20), \(FAD=0.2\), and W is a binary solution (0 or 1) that corresponded to random solutions. To segment brain tissues from MRI images, Kong et al.17 proposed an FS method using two methods, called a discriminative clustering method and the information theoretic discriminative segmentation. Hence, it was discovered that the VGG-16 based DTL model classified COVID-19 better than the VGG-19 based DTL model. Syst. Fung, G. & Stoeckel, J. Svm feature selection for classification of spect images of alzheimers disease using spatial information. Purpose The study aimed at developing an AI . Lilang Zheng, Jiaxuan Fang, Xiaorun Tang, Hanzhang Li, Jiaxin Fan, Tianyi Wang, Rui Zhou, Zhaoyan Yan. & Wang, W. Medical image segmentation using fruit fly optimization and density peaks clustering. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. where r is the run numbers. In such a case, in order to get the advantage of the power of CNN and also, transfer learning can be applied to minimize the computational costs21,22. Mutation: A mutation refers to a single change in a virus's genome (genetic code).Mutations happen frequently, but only sometimes change the characteristics of the virus. 101, 646667 (2019). HIGHLIGHTS who: Yuan Jian and Qin Xiao from the Fukuoka University, Japan have published the Article: Research and Application of Fine-Grained Image Classification Based on Small Collar Dataset, in the Journal: (JOURNAL) what: MC-Loss drills down on the channels to effectively navigate the model, focusing on different distinguishing regions and highlighting diverse features. where \(fi_{i}\) represents the importance of feature I, while \(ni_{j}\) refers to the importance of node j. The name "pangolin" comes from the Malay word pengguling meaning "one who rolls up" from guling or giling "to roll"; it was used for the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica).
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