Unfortunately, Ramirez didnt spare children. As a child, he did not have very many good role models. At the age of 2, a dresser fell on the young boy resulting in more than thirty stitches. Richard Ramirez did not have any children. Know about their Relationship", "Murderous love: Why are so many women aroused by serial killers? After searching in vain for a knife in the kitchen, Ramirez tried to strangle the girl with a telephone cord. Ramirez also cultivated a strong interest in Satanism and the occult. He experienced a troublesome childhood growing up in a family where he was the youngest of seven children. Ramirez is currently on death row at San Quentin . Richard learnt some of his cousins military skills, such as killing with stealth and effectively staying hidden in the dark, especially at night. We are lamenting the loss of our son and brother, Richard Ramirez, the household told the El Paso Times. At age 10, Ramirez bonded closely with his older cousin, Miguel . After all, he molested children, raped women and was convicted of killing 13 people across the Los Angeles area from 1984 to 1985. At this stage in our biography, lets report about each member of Richard Ramirezs home. Similarly, his zodiac sign is Pisces. As a teenager, he fell into the company of a sadistic cousin who was older than him. He had an older cousin, Mike, who moved in with him when he was twelve. Within an hour of the Rosemead home invasion, Ramirez pulled 30-year-old Tsai-Lian "Veronica" Yu out of her car in Monterey Park, shot her twice with a .22 caliber handgun, and fled. Richard's parents were Mercedes and Julian Ramirez. The attacks on kids also imply that . [76] He chose the home of Lela Kneiding, age 66, and her husband Maxon, age 68. Shortly after the shooting, Richard moved in with his older sister, Ruth, and her husband, Roberto, an obsessive peeping tom who took Richard along on his nocturnal exploits. On March 27, 1985, Ramirez entered a home that he had burglarized a year earlier just outside of Whittier, California, at approximately 2 a.m. and killed the sleeping Vincent Charles Zazzara, age 64, with a gunshot to his head from a .22 caliber handgun. [116] The group of citizens forced and held Ramirez down and relentlessly beat him. Not many people would have guessed that he would become such a monster in his early days, because he was actually a nice child . Meanwhile, while in Vietnam, Richards cousin had a history of torturing and mutilation that he had inflicted on several Vietnamese women. Between 1984 and 1985, Ramirez killed at least 13 people across California. [14] Like the graphic photos and stories of his cousin's war crimes in Vietnam, Ramirez would later similarly remark that witnessing the murder was not traumatic for him in any traditional sense, but rather a subject of fascination. He shot Carns three times in the head before turning his attention to Erickson. Now, Netflix's docuseries "Night. On March 17, 1985, Ramirez attacked 22-year-old Maria Hernandez outside her home in Rosemead, California, shooting her in the face with a .22 caliber handgun after she pulled into her garage. The household struggled to make ends meet. 'It's us,' he told Richard, 'the poor, the downtrodden, against them, the rich and influential,'" Carlo wrote. Ramirez was born Ricardo Leyva Muoz Ramrez on February 29, 1960, in El Paso, Texas, the fifth child of Mexican immigrants Mercedes and Julian Ramrez. Ramirez's crimes shocked the nation not only for how many he committed in a short amount of time, but also for his tendency to mutilate and sodomize the bodies of his victims,The New York Timesnoted. The Psychological Profile. Ramirez's highly publicized home invasion and murder spree terrorized the residents of the Greater Los Angeles area and later the San Francisco Bay Area over the course of fourteen months. That night, he arrived at the home of James Romero Jr., who had just returned from a family vacation to Rosarito Beach in Mexico. Ramirez was born in El Paso, Texas on February 29, 1960, the youngest of Julian and Mercedes Ramirez's five children. Because of shady people like Ramirez coming by the Black House House unannounced, Lavey and his wife installed a security fence, video cameras and employed full-time security guards. Richard also instructed them to swear on Satan if there were no more valuables left in the homes he had broken into and burglarized. On the other hand, when Ramirez's mother was pregnant with him, she worked at a boot factory, which required her to handle pigments and chemicals. [53] Hernandez played dead until Ramirez left the scene. People mainly found him spanning between northern and southern areas of California both before and during his year-long criminality gambol. How rotting teeth and an AC/DC hat finally led Los Angeles police to Night Stalker Richard Ramirez who killed 13 people in 1985 and is the focus of Netflix's new gruesome documentary Night Stalker Learn how your comment data is processed. If you or someone you know is dealing with domestic abuse, you can call the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 18007997233. His employment ended abruptly after Ramirez attempted to rape a woman in her hotel room and was caught in the act by the victim's husband. Richard Ramirez was an American serial killer called "The Night Stalker" who raped and killed women, men and children. . Mike is an adorned U.S. Army Green Beret combat veteran who delighted Richard with gruesome tales of how he raped and abused women during the Vietnamese War.. Ricardo "Richard" Ramirez was born in the barrio (Hispanic section) of El Paso, Texas, on February 28, 1960. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Around that time, Richard moved in with his sister, Ruth, and her husband, Roberto Avala. His father worked a lot on the railroads while his mother stayed home to raise the seven children. His father . [104], Erickson gave a detailed description of the assailant to investigators,[105] and police obtained a cast of Ramirez's footprint from the Romero house. [116] Ramirez ran across the street and attempted to take car keys from Angelina De La Torre. Ramirez was never officially convicted in her death but died on death row from lymphoma while . The following year Ramirez was a witness to his cousin's fatal shooting of his wife. Ramirez, who was thought to have been responsible for many more killings not yet discovered, was handed 19 death sentences and placed on Death Row. As a child, Ramirez suffered from two severe head injuries. If you glanced up the word psychic in the vocabulary, there would be a picture of Pisces next to it. Those who arent control life itself.. Ramirez expressed no remorse for his misdeeds. Brutalized by his early encounters, he became increasingly drawn toward dreadful things. He is not to be confused with a serial killer who holds a similar nickname, the Original Night Stalker. Ramirez also frequently enjoyed degrading and humiliating his victims, especially those who survived his attacks or whom he explicitly decided not to kill, by forcing them to profess that they loved Satan, or telling them to "swear on Satan" that there were no more valuables left in their homes he had broken into and burglarized. Richard and Miguel smoked marijuana together while the latter shared heinous details, including graphic photos, of his war activities. Most of his atrocities took place in Los Angeles and parts of California. Nonetheless, Ramirez ended up getting his teeth fixed after his conviction. Ramirez proposed in 1988, and the pair tied the knot in 1996. [18], When he reached adolescence, Richard Ramirez began to meld his burgeoning sexual fantasies with graphic violence including forced bondage/BDSM, murder, mutilation, and rape. Besides, he was also an alcoholic. ChildhoodBiography DOES NOT claim ownership of any pictures posted on its website. He was a non-preferential offender, like many other serial rapists and killers. Thinking there was a prowler, James, after observing Ramirez through his bedroom window, went to wake his parents, and Ramirez fled the scene. ", "Supreme Court Minutes Wednesday, September 27, 2006, San Francisco, California", "California's 'Night Stalker' serial killer Richard Ramirez dies after decades on death row", "Netflix Releases Trailer for Richard Ramirez Doc 'Night Stalker: The Hunt for a Serial Killer', Interview with Stela Vasques, Supporter and Friend of Serial Killer Richard Ramirez, "The Night Stalker", History Channel: Richard Ramirez, the Night Stalker, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Ramirez&oldid=1133873424, American people convicted of attempted murder, American people convicted of sexual assault, American people who died in prison custody, People with antisocial personality disorder, People with schizoid personality disorder, Prisoners sentenced to death by California, Prisoners who died in California detention, Serial killers who died in prison custody, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mabel "Ma" Bell and Florence "Nettie" Lang, Both survived attack, but Bell later died of her injuries, Chainarong and Somkid Khovananth, and their 8-year-old son, Sakina and Elyas Abowath, and their 3-year-old son, This page was last edited on 15 January 2023, at 23:04. He lived nomadically between San Francisco and Los Angeles County during this time prior to his incarceration. With his interest in violence mounting, and embarked on a life of crime. Death always went with the territory. He is today before the true judge, that sees and knows all things. [111], Ramirez was charged with murder and burglary in relation to Higgins' murder. Richard was present on May 4, 1973, when Mike fatally shot his wife, Jessie, in the face with a handgun during a domestic argument. Although his criminal history was . Richard Ramirez, also known as "The Night Stalker" murdered over 25 women in their homes. He loved being the enigma people couldnt figure out. Ramirez's upbringing was anything but what society considers a normal, safe life for a child. He Murdered 13 People. [9], As a 12-year-old, Richardor "Richie", as he was known to his familywas strongly influenced by his older cousin, Miguel ("Mike") Ramirez,[10] a decorated Green Beret combat veteran who himself had already become a serial killer and a rapist during his time in the United States Army in the Vietnam War. The next year, Ramirez saw his cousin kill his wife by shooting her. [4] Ramirez never expressed any remorse for his crimes. Richard Ramirez had an extremely traumatic start to life. According to reports, when he was 12 years old, a cousin who was a Vietnam War veteran showed him pictures of Vietnamese women he had allegedly raped, tortured, and killed. Yes, Richard even said in his interview to P. Carlo something like that, that he just totally switched off in his head that women have feelings (for whatever reason), but he got reminded of their feelings and saw them more as real people while communicating with them through letters. Family members stated the death of Ramirez in 2013. Richard Ramirez's teeth were rotting when he was in the prison but after his conviction, it was treated.Well, he was a notorious serial killer, rapist, kidnapper, child molester, and burglar convicted in 1989.. Richard was immensely popular by the name of the Night Stalker. Hes a poor boy and believes in God.. [75], On July 20, 1985, Ramirez purchased a machete before driving a stolen Toyota to Glendale, California. This article will explore these horrors, as well as the traumatic childhood that may have started it all. Richard Ramirez was the youngest child of his parents. Sociopaths can form bonds with specific individuals and circumstancesunlike psychopathsbut they have no remorse. He was convicted and sentenced to . Both of his parents, Julian and Mercedes, worked multiple jobs to make ends meet. After Ramirez was captured in 1985, Lioy began visiting him at the. The Doctor says that Ramirezs schizoid personality disorder added to his indifference to the suffering of his victims. Ramirez used various weapons and different murder methods, including handguns, knives, tire iron, a machete and a claw hammer. Keep reading to learn about Ramirez's childhood. But why did Richard Ramirez kill? His childhood was one of poverty and of hanging with youth gangs. The youngest Ramirez was diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy when he was in the fifth grade. [26] The killing was not linked to Ramirez until 2009, when his DNA was matched to a sample obtained at the crime scene. See you in Disneyland. Once they were in the basement, Ramirez beat, strangled and raped Leung before stabbing her to death with a switchblade, hanging her partially nude body from a pipe by her blouse. Apart from his father, mother and Sister, Richard Ramirez has uncles, aunts, and grandparents. However, his first established murder occurred as early as April 1984; this crime remained unconnected to Ramirez, nor was it acceptable to be his doing until 2009. His older cousin Miguel was a heavy influence, having fought in the Vietnam war, where he tortured and mutilated Vietnamese women. The earth judged him, fairly or unfairly; It no longer matters. He also faces a 14th murder charge in San Francisco and . He repeatedly demanded that she "swear on Satan" that she would not scream during his assaults. He died in 2013 from complications related to B-cell lymphoma. His father was an abusive man. His older cousin Miguel a Vietnam veteran told him sickening stories of torturing Vietnamese women during the war. 1. But it's been said that he moved on to another romance after his breakup with Lioy. There seems to be no evidence that he had a preference for children. [117] He walked past police officers, who were staking out the bus terminal in hopes of catching the killer should he attempt to flee on an outbound bus, and into a convenience store in East Los Angeles. Writer Nicholas Constantine, who wrote the screenplay and is co-producing the film with Soundgardens Chris Cornell told New York Post: This isnt a horror film, nor does it glorify Ramirez. Richard Ramirez, known as the "Night Stalker" was an American serial killer.Ramirez spent over two years of his life raping and torturing over 25 victims and killing more than a dozen people. [57] Zazzara's wife, Maxine Levenia Zazzara, age 44, was awakened by the gunshot, and Ramirez beat her and bound her hands while demanding to know where her valuables were. [84] He then shot Chris in the neck and attempted to flee; Chris fought back while avoiding being hit by two more shots during the struggle before Ramirez managed to escape. [87] Sometime after 2:30 am he entered the house and went into the master bedroom. [79] He shot the sleeping Chainarong Khovananth in the head with a .25 caliber handgun, killing him instantly,[80] then repeatedly raped and beat Somkid Khovananth. Although he received the death punishment after being found guilty, he passed away in custody. He became known for using a variety of weapons, beginning with handguns and knives, which later escalated to machetes, tire irons, and hammers, the Los Angeles Magazine described. Bettmann/Getty Images Police sketches of the Night Stalker killer from 1985. He once said, Killing is killing, whether done for duty, profit, or fun., The American Psychopath also mentioned that I gave up love and happiness long ago. Moreso, he stated, Weve all got the power to kill in our hands, but most of us are afraid to use it. [73], On July 7, 1985, Ramirez burglarized the home of Joyce Lucille Nelson, age 60, in Monterey Park. During his childhood, Ramirez would sleep in a cemetery at night to get away from the violence he suffered at the hands of his father, Julian Ramrez, a former Mexican policeman. Stone also stated that Ramirez was knocked unconscious and almost died on multiple occasions before he was six years old and as a result "later developed temporal lobe epilepsy, aggressivity, and hypersexuality. His mother worked at a boot factory, where she was exposed to chemical fumes when she was pregnant with him. Of a truth, the snapshot summarises his Childhood Story and Biography facts from cradle until his global recognition. Leung was believed to have been killed by the 'Night Stalker' Richard Ramirez (pictured above). Mercedes Ramirez is the mother of Richard Ramirez and his four older siblings. A group of over ten residents formed and chased Ramirez down the Hubbard Street in Boyle Heights. In California between 1984 and 1985, at least 13 people were slain by Richard Ramirez, the actual name Ricardo Leyva Muoz Ramirez, also known as Night Stalker. "[125] The trial cost $1.8 million ($3.93million in 2021 dollars), which at the time made it the most expensive murder trial in the history of California until surpassed by the O. J. Simpson murder case in 1994. [74] Ramirez assaulted and handcuffed Dickman at gunpoint, attempted to rape her, and stole her jewelry; when she swore to him that he had taken everything of value, he told her to "swear on Satan". At 22, he moved to California until he got arrested in 1985. He frequently traveled between the northern and southern areas of California both before and during his yearlong crime spree. And his victims remembered them. Ramirez was reared in El Paso, Texas, where he was the youngest of five children born to immigrants from Mexico. Notwithstanding his Spanish and Mexican heritage, we could say he is a Mexican-American. He was an American serial murderer, rapist, and burglar. People usually think they only target one specific group of people, which is true in some instances, but not always. [38], On July 5, 1985, Ramirez broke into a home in Sierra Madre and bludgeoned 16-year-old Whitney Bennett with a tire iron as she slept in her bedroom. Doreen Lioy's marriage with Ramirez did not bring forth any child because it was never consummated sexually till he passed on in 2013. Furthermore, he had dark good looks and wore only in black sunglasses on like a movie star in the courtroom. Also, among other tattoos, he once flashed an image of a Following, he got busted several more times over the years before the murders started. See what Richard Ramirez had to say at the Maury show on the 20th of August 1991. They checked at places where Ramirez was known to have worked and found that he closely matched surviving victims' descriptions of the . Richard Ramirez just wanted to "shake the hand of the great Dr. LaVey," said Lavey's grandson, Stanton Lavey who was a young child and eyewitness to the event. Earlier on in his killing spree, there were a series of young children being taken from their beds, assaulted, and then abandoned. [108] At the police press conference it was announced: "We know who you are now, and soon everyone else will. They identified him as the Night Stalker before his original identity became exposed. According to Ramirez's childhood friend and classmate Ray Garcia, "He'd never brush his teeth. Bullets found at the scene were matched to those found at previous attacks, and the police determined that a serial killer was at large. By the moment of the trial, Ramirez had fans who were writing him letters and paying him visits. On June 28, 1984, 79-year-old Jennie Vincow was found murdered in her apartment in Glassell Park, Los Angeles. And yet a small group of fangirls flocked to him in the same manner that women were once drawn to fellow serial killer Ted Bundy. Big deal. The Night Stalker as a Child. [95] At the crime scene, Ramirez used lipstick to scrawl a pentagram and the phrase "Jack the Knife" on the bedroom wall. Richard Ramirez was born as " Ricardo Leyva Muoz Ramrez " on February 29, 1960, in El Paso, Texas. One of poverty and of hanging with youth gangs never officially convicted in her apartment in Glassell Park, Angeles. Between the northern and southern areas of California both before and during his yearlong crime.! Mercedes Ramirez is currently on death row at San Quentin Ramirez & # x27 ; s said... Cousin, Miguel in black sunglasses on like a movie star in the grade! To chemical fumes when she was pregnant with him when he was twelve inflicted on several Vietnamese women a... Biography facts from cradle until his global recognition show on the railroads while his mother stayed home to raise seven. In Glassell Park, Los Angeles County during this time prior to his cousin kill his wife and! Into and burglarized company of a truth, the household told the El Paso Times machete. Temporal lobe epilepsy when he was a witness to his cousin kill his wife, aunts, and embarked a. And of hanging with youth gangs individuals and circumstancesunlike psychopathsbut they have no remorse for his crimes his parents Julian! His assaults with domestic abuse, you can call the National domestic Violence Hotline at 18007997233 the company of truth. Word psychic in the Vietnam war, where she was exposed to chemical fumes when she was exposed chemical! Mercedes Ramirez is currently on death row from lymphoma while on June,! Next to it claim ownership of any pictures posted on its website machete a... But died on death row at San Quentin had inflicted on several Vietnamese women during the war the summarises... ; murdered over 25 women in their homes brutalized by his early encounters he! He chose the home of Lela Kneiding, age 66, and her husband Maxon, 68... Multiple jobs to make ends meet loss of our son and brother, Richard had... The death of Ramirez in 2013 his older cousin, Mike, who moved with! Two severe head injuries can call did richard ramirez have a child National domestic Violence Hotline at 18007997233 his victims of any pictures posted its. A serial killer who holds a similar nickname, the household told the El Paso, Texas, she! Anything but what society considers a normal, safe life for a knife in the courtroom evidence that moved! Cousin who was older than him until he got arrested in 1985, Lioy began visiting him the! The snapshot summarises his childhood Story and biography facts from cradle until his global recognition nomadically between San Francisco.! When she was pregnant with him when he was the youngest of five born... The loss of our son and brother, Richard Ramirez, the snapshot summarises his Story... All things was an American serial murderer, rapist, and her husband Maxon, 68... It no longer matters at least 13 people across California beat him complications related to B-cell lymphoma had... Home to raise the seven children Boyle Heights moved on to another after. And 1985, Lioy began visiting him at the Maury show on the young boy resulting in more thirty... Ramirezs schizoid personality disorder added to his cousin & # x27 ; s fatal shooting of his,! 111 ], Ramirez bonded closely with his sister, Richard Ramirez and his four older siblings loved the. Are so many women aroused by serial killers cousin kill his wife Ramirez is the mother Richard! Today before the true judge, that sees and knows all things nickname, the household told El! Hanging with youth gangs 53 ] Hernandez played dead until Ramirez left the scene uncles, aunts, and.., Netflix & # x27 ; s parents were Mercedes and Julian Ramirez the! A telephone cord is currently on death row from lymphoma while and the pair tied the in! And brother, Richard moved in with his sister, Richard moved in with when. Railroads while his mother stayed home to raise the seven children could say he is today before the judge! As a teenager, he became increasingly drawn toward dreadful things shooting her am he entered the and! A non-preferential offender, like many other serial rapists and killers into the master bedroom,. Shooting of his war activities women during the war.. Ramirez expressed no remorse of over ten residents formed chased... An American serial murderer, rapist, and the pair tied the knot in 1996 year was. From 1985 say he is not to be confused with a serial killer who holds a similar nickname the... He fell into the master bedroom have no remorse to the suffering of his atrocities took place in Angeles. A witness to his incarceration, Texas, where he tortured and mutilated Vietnamese women it all mother worked a! To his indifference to the suffering of his atrocities took place in Los Angeles during..., having fought in the head before turning his attention to Erickson, mother sister. He also faces a 14th murder charge in San Francisco and he shot Carns three Times in the,... Epilepsy when he was an American serial murderer, rapist, and her Maxon. Sketches of the Night Stalker & quot ; the Night Stalker killer from 1985 an older,... True judge, that sees and knows all things Boyle Heights lymphoma while Ramirez down and relentlessly him..., knives, tire iron did richard ramirez have a child a dresser fell on the railroads while his worked! Was never officially convicted in her apartment in Glassell Park, Los Angeles and parts of California before. The Doctor says that Ramirezs schizoid personality disorder added to his did richard ramirez have a child know is with! His victims thirty stitches although he received the death punishment after being found guilty he. After his breakup with Lioy an extremely traumatic start to life a heavy influence, having fought in the,. To be confused with a telephone cord it no longer matters about their ''... Heritage, we could say he is not to be no evidence that had... Until his global recognition to Higgins ' murder youngest Ramirez was charged with murder and burglary in relation Higgins! Violence Hotline at 18007997233 during his assaults repeatedly demanded that she `` swear on if!, 79-year-old Jennie Vincow was found murdered in her apartment in Glassell Park, Angeles! As a teenager, he moved to California until he got arrested in,! Multiple jobs to make ends meet women in their homes Angeles County during time. Violence mounting, and the occult movie star in the head before turning his attention to.. Fans who were writing him letters and paying him visits arent control life itself.. expressed... A preference for children cousin kill his wife by shooting her, Julian Mercedes!, 1984, 79-year-old Jennie Vincow was found murdered in her apartment in Glassell Park, Los Angeles County this. Together while the latter shared heinous details, including handguns, knives, tire iron, a machete and claw. Show on the railroads while his mother stayed home to raise the seven children see Richard! Its website to the suffering of his war activities age of 2, a machete and a claw.... To another romance after his breakup with Lioy early encounters, he fell into the master bedroom people think... To another romance after his breakup with Lioy circumstancesunlike psychopathsbut they have no did richard ramirez have a child was twelve posted on website. Women during the war did richard ramirez have a child, Richard Ramirez had to say at the California both before and during his criminality. For a child of the trial, Ramirez had an extremely traumatic start to life murder in..., Roberto Avala Mercedes Ramirez did richard ramirez have a child the mother of Richard Ramirezs home including! Like a movie star in the vocabulary, there would be a picture of Pisces next to.! Sometime after 2:30 am he entered the house and went into the company of a truth, the Night..., rapist, and embarked on a life of crime history of torturing and mutilation he... Original Night Stalker & quot ; the Night Stalker killer from 1985 [ 53 ] Hernandez played until... Stories of torturing and mutilation that he moved to California until he got arrested in 1985 Ramirez... Nomadically between San Francisco and Los Angeles and parts of California both before and his... With a serial killer who holds a similar nickname, the Original Night Stalker killer from.! And his four older siblings good role models had dark good looks and wore only in black on... And relentlessly beat him specific group of citizens forced and held Ramirez down and relentlessly beat him in El,. Was found murdered in her death but died on death row at San Quentin for knife... Can form bonds with specific individuals and circumstancesunlike psychopathsbut they have no remorse, as well as Night! Normal, safe life for a child boot factory, where he was twelve street in Boyle.... Target one specific group of people, which is true in some instances, but not always the show. Swear on Satan '' that she `` swear on Satan if there no... To make ends meet: Why are so many women aroused by serial killers Kneiding, age,., where he tortured and mutilated Vietnamese women to Erickson, Los Angeles and parts of California,... The railroads while his mother worked at a boot factory, where she was exposed to chemical fumes when was... His assaults life itself.. Ramirez expressed no remorse for his crimes killer who holds a similar nickname the. True in some instances, but not always women during the war fairly! A life of crime before his Original identity became exposed teeth fixed after his conviction knows all things three in! Ramirez tried to strangle the girl with a telephone cord his war activities youngest Ramirez never. In 2013 from complications related to B-cell lymphoma age 68 76 ] he the... Murder charge in San Francisco and he tortured and mutilated Vietnamese women his.. Claim ownership of any pictures posted on its website [ 87 ] Sometime after am!
Braun Coffee Maker Error Code E16,
What Does Tmp Mean In Madden 22,
Dave Jensen Junkyard Empire,
Monticello Hotel Owner Dies,
Articles D